What's the difference between on-grid, off-grid, and hybrid solar?
On-grid (grid-tied): connected to the DISCOM grid, no batteries, exports excess via net metering. Off-grid: standalone with batteries, no grid connection. Hybrid: solar + batteries + grid connection, gives backup during outages plus net metering.
Which system type is cheapest?
On-grid is cheapest because there are no batteries. A 5 kW on-grid system costs ~₹1.9 lakh after PM Surya Ghar subsidy. The same 5 kW in hybrid form (with a small battery) costs ~₹2.5 lakh. Pure off-grid with full autonomy costs ~₹3.5-4 lakh.
Is off-grid solar still relevant in India?
For remote sites, farms, and villages without grid connection, yes. For urban and semi-urban homes with DISCOM power, grid-tied or hybrid is almost always better — cheaper, simpler, subsidy-eligible, and produces as much power without the battery hassle.
Who should choose a hybrid system?
Hybrid is ideal for homes facing 2-6 hours of daily outages, work-from-home setups, small businesses needing UPS-like backup, and anyone wanting net metering + battery backup in one package. It's 20-30% more expensive than on-grid but gives complete energy security.
Can I upgrade from on-grid to hybrid later?
Partially. You can add a battery + AC-coupled inverter to an existing on-grid system, but it's more expensive than choosing hybrid from day one (plan for ₹60k-1 lakh added cost vs ₹40-70k if integrated initially). If you anticipate needing backup later, go hybrid from the start.
Does PM Surya Ghar subsidy work for all three types?
Subsidy applies to grid-tied and hybrid systems (with grid-tied net metering). Off-grid systems don't qualify because they don't export to grid. To maximize subsidy, always opt for a grid-connected design if DISCOM connection is available.
What happens to on-grid solar during a power cut?
On-grid solar shuts off during outages for safety (anti-islanding). No power for you until grid returns. This is why on-grid alone is not suitable for homes with frequent outages — pair with a UPS or go hybrid.
How do I decide between hybrid and separate UPS?
Separate UPS (lead-acid inverter + battery): cheapest (₹25-40k), but limited to 500-800W loads for short backup. Hybrid solar inverter: integrated, handles 3-7 kVA loads for 4-8 hrs, smarter (solar charges battery automatically), 10-12 year lifespan. For larger homes, hybrid wins.